Gebeurtenis in een situatie
Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems. (1) Alternative aspectual views Consider a same event 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley': it can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought a certain state to occur), as an achievement (the state resulting from a previous accomplishment), as a punctual event (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as a transition (something that has changed from a state to a different one). In the erosion case, we could therefore have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) historical condensation, d) transition (causality). The different views refer to the same event, but are still different: how to live with this seeming paradox? A typical solution e.g. in linguistics (cf. Levin's aspectual classes) and in DOLCE Full (cf. WonderWeb D18 axiomatization) is to classify events based on aspectual differences. But this solution would create different identities for a same event, where the difference is only based on the modeller's attitude. An alternative solution is suggested here, and exploits the notion of (observable) Situation; a Situation is a view, consistent with a Description, which can be observed of a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame'. Therefore, a Situation allows to create a context where each particular view can have a proper identity, while the Event preserves its own identity. For example, ErosionAsAccomplishment is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as a process leading to a certain achievement: the conditions (roles, parameters) that suggest such view are stated in a Description, which acts as a 'theory of accomplishments'. Similarly, ErosionAsTransition is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as an event that has changed a state to another: the conditions for such interpretation are stated in a different Description, which acts as a 'theory of state transitions'. Consider that in no case the actual event is changed or enriched in parts by the aspectual view. (2) Alternative intentionality views Similarly to aspectual views, several intentionality views can be provided for a same Event. For example, one can investigate if an avalanche has been caused by immediate natural forces, or if there is any hint of an intentional effort to activate those natural forces. Also in this case, the Event as such has not different identities, while the causal analysis generates situations with different identities, according to what Description is taken for interpreting the Event. On the other hand, if the possible actions of an Agent causing the starting of an avalanche are taken as parts of the Event, then this makes its identity change, because we are adding a part to it. Therefore, if intentionality is a criterion to classify events or not, this depends on if an ontology designer wants to consider causality as a relevant dimension for events' identity. (3) Alternative participant views A slightly different case is when we consider the basic participants to an Event. In this case, the identity of the Event is affected by the participating objects, because it depends on them. For example, if snow, mountain slopes, wind, waves, etc. are considered as an avalanche basic participants, or if we also want to add water, human agents, etc., that makes the identity of an avalanche change. Anyway, this approach to event classification is based on the designer's choices, and more accurately mirrors lexical or commonsense classifications (see. e.g. WordNet 'supersenses' for verb synsets). Ultimately, this discussion has no end, because realists will keep defending the idea that events in reality are not changed by the way we describe them, while constructivists will keep defending the idea that, whatever 'true reality' is about, it can't be modelled without the theoretical burden of how we observe and describe it. Both positions are in principle valid, but, if taken too radically, they focus on issues that are only partly relevant to the aim of computational ontologies, which assist domain experts in representing a certain portion of reality according to their own assumptions and requirements. For this reason, in this ontology version of DOLCE, both events and situations are allowed, together with descriptions (the reason for the inclusion of the DnS framewrok in DOLCE), in order to encode the modelling needs, independently from the position (if any) chosen by the model designer.
Thomas Ainsworth experimenteert met calicottechniekenThomas Ainsworth opent een weefschool waar calicottechnieken worden aangeleerdThomas Ainsworth opent een modelweverij voor calicotAlbrecht van Beieren laat, vanwege betrokkenheid van Filips van Wassenaar bij de moord op Aleid van Poelgeest, Huis Paddenpoel verwoesten in 1393Albrecht van Beieren laat, als wraak na de moord op Aleid van Poelgeest, het Huis te Heemstede verwoesten in 1394Albrecht van Beieren laat, als wraak na de moord op Aleid van Poelgeest, Slot Altena verwoesten in 1395Albrecht van Beieren bekeert zich weer tot de Kabeljauwse partijAleid van Poelgeest wordt vermoord, naar verluidt door de gebroeders De BlooteDe hertog van Alva stuurt 600 man als versterking naar CulemborgBisschop Andries van Cuijk doet Floris de Zwarte in de ban en vlucht weg uit UtrechtArnoldus Gelderman koopt de HanckemaborgFrederik I Barbarossa laat de Valkhofburcht te Nijmegen herbouwenBarend Blijdenstein koopt het buiten Nieuwlust in Lonneker, beschr. A.J. van der AaBeatrix II van Almelo wordt erfdochter na het overlijden van haar vader Arnold IV van AlmeloBeatrix II (Bate) van Almelo volgt als Vrouwe van de heerlijkheid Almelo haar vader opBeleg van het Vlaamsgezinde Schoonhoven door troepen van graaf Willem III van HollandJohannes Ampzing benoemd tot predikant in OotmarsumBisschop David van Bourgondië wordt als gevangene smadelijk naar Amersfoort gebrachtBisschop David van Bourgondië dwingt van de gevangen genomen Hoeken een vredesverdrag af. Het gezag over Montfoort wordt aan hem afgestaanBisschop David van Bourgondië komt met een leger Montfoort opeisen, dat al belegerd wordt door Bourgondische troepen. Hij moet afdruipenBisschop David van Bourgondië haast zich van Wijk naar Utrecht om het heft weer in handen te nemenBisschop David van Bourgondië kan geen macht stellen tegenover de hergroepering van de anti-Bourgondische (Hoekse) factieDomproost Gijsbrecht van Brederode en de kapittels leggen zich neer bij de Bourgondische eisenDe Hollandse hulptroepen landen, na zich op Duiveland te hebben verzameld, op het door de Vlamingen bezette Beveland. De landing mislukt en Gwijde van Avesnes wordt gevangen genomenBisschoppelijke troepen roven relikwieën uit het Vrouwenklooster in De Bilt, dringen de slaapzaal van de nonnen binnen en voeren de veestapel wegMet de nieuwe Bourgondische troepen wordt als eerste wordt Montfoort belegerdBrustijn van Herwijnen huwt Wilhelmina van Beieren, volgens Van der Aa dochter van Albrecht en Aleid van PoelgeestB. ten Cate wordt beroepen als predikant in MarkeloCatharina van Cleve, gemalin van de hertog van Gelre, laat het Valkhof verbeterenDe classis te Deventer erkent de beroeping van Diepenheim en zuivert Westenberg van de verdenking van ArminianismeDe classis van Deventer verdenkt de beroepen predikant Hugo Gallus van ArminianismeDe classis van Deventer acht de beroeping van predikant Elbertus Westenberg onwettig, omdat ze hem onderzocht noch goedgekeurd heeftDavid van Bourgondië verschijnt met een ad-hoc legertje voor de poorten van Utrecht en eist toegangOnder een voorwendsel worden Reinoud en Gijsbert van Brederode naar het kasteel van David van Bourgondië in Wijk gelokt en daar gevangen gezetDavid van Bourgondië roept Amsterdam te hulp tegen de stad UtrechtDavid van Bourgondië ontneemt de rechtsmacht aan de stedelijke vierschaar en kent die toe aan een standenonafhankelijk gremium: de SchiveDavid van Bourgondië steunt de gilden en verbant de GrauwertsDavid van Bourgondië bestuurt het Sticht bij voorkeur vanuit het Kasteel te WijkDavid van Bourgondië wil niet dat de stad Utrecht nog langer zelf eigen burgers berechtDoordat de bisschop de Brederodes uitschakelt, worden in de stad Utrecht de 'Ultra-Hoeken' sterker
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Gebeurtenis in een situatie
Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems. (1) Alternative aspectual views Consider a same event 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley': it can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought a certain state to occur), as an achievement (the state resulting from a previous accomplishment), as a punctual event (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as a transition (something that has changed from a state to a different one). In the erosion case, we could therefore have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) historical condensation, d) transition (causality). The different views refer to the same event, but are still different: how to live with this seeming paradox? A typical solution e.g. in linguistics (cf. Levin's aspectual classes) and in DOLCE Full (cf. WonderWeb D18 axiomatization) is to classify events based on aspectual differences. But this solution would create different identities for a same event, where the difference is only based on the modeller's attitude. An alternative solution is suggested here, and exploits the notion of (observable) Situation; a Situation is a view, consistent with a Description, which can be observed of a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame'. Therefore, a Situation allows to create a context where each particular view can have a proper identity, while the Event preserves its own identity. For example, ErosionAsAccomplishment is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as a process leading to a certain achievement: the conditions (roles, parameters) that suggest such view are stated in a Description, which acts as a 'theory of accomplishments'. Similarly, ErosionAsTransition is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as an event that has changed a state to another: the conditions for such interpretation are stated in a different Description, which acts as a 'theory of state transitions'. Consider that in no case the actual event is changed or enriched in parts by the aspectual view. (2) Alternative intentionality views Similarly to aspectual views, several intentionality views can be provided for a same Event. For example, one can investigate if an avalanche has been caused by immediate natural forces, or if there is any hint of an intentional effort to activate those natural forces. Also in this case, the Event as such has not different identities, while the causal analysis generates situations with different identities, according to what Description is taken for interpreting the Event. On the other hand, if the possible actions of an Agent causing the starting of an avalanche are taken as parts of the Event, then this makes its identity change, because we are adding a part to it. Therefore, if intentionality is a criterion to classify events or not, this depends on if an ontology designer wants to consider causality as a relevant dimension for events' identity. (3) Alternative participant views A slightly different case is when we consider the basic participants to an Event. In this case, the identity of the Event is affected by the participating objects, because it depends on them. For example, if snow, mountain slopes, wind, waves, etc. are considered as an avalanche basic participants, or if we also want to add water, human agents, etc., that makes the identity of an avalanche change. Anyway, this approach to event classification is based on the designer's choices, and more accurately mirrors lexical or commonsense classifications (see. e.g. WordNet 'supersenses' for verb synsets). Ultimately, this discussion has no end, because realists will keep defending the idea that events in reality are not changed by the way we describe them, while constructivists will keep defending the idea that, whatever 'true reality' is about, it can't be modelled without the theoretical burden of how we observe and describe it. Both positions are in principle valid, but, if taken too radically, they focus on issues that are only partly relevant to the aim of computational ontologies, which assist domain experts in representing a certain portion of reality according to their own assumptions and requirements. For this reason, in this ontology version of DOLCE, both events and situations are allowed, together with descriptions (the reason for the inclusion of the DnS framewrok in DOLCE), in order to encode the modelling needs, independently from the position (if any) chosen by the model designer.
type
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Any physical, social, or menta ...... chosen by the model designer.
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Gebeurtenis in een situatie
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Een gebeurtenis is een punt in ...... ecificeerd door tijd en plaats
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